Stephen M. Krause, Ph.D.

Dr. Stephen Krause, Ph.D., is a distinguished physiologist and pharmacologist with over 30 years of experience in drug discovery and translational medicine. He has dedicated his career to advancing the understanding of cardiovascular disease, neuroscience, oncology, and metabolic disorders through innovative research and imaging strategies. As President of SK Imaging Consultants, LLC, he leverages his expertise to guide pharmaceutical companies in incorporating imaging techniques such as PET, CT, and SPECT into both discovery and clinical drug development, ensuring precise and effective study design and implementation.

Throughout his career, Dr. Krause has held senior positions at leading organizations, including Eisai, Inc., and Merck, where he specialized in imaging protocol development, pharmacokinetics, target occupancy, and preclinical disease modeling. He also contributed to academic research as an Assistant Professor at Jefferson Medical College. His work spans the full spectrum of early drug development, from target identification to Phase III clinical protocol design, with a focus on integrating translational imaging to drive measurable outcomes.

Dr. Krause is recognized for his leadership, mentoring, and collaborative skills, consistently supporting the professional growth of biologists and interdisciplinary teams. He has authored key regulatory and efficacy documents, including IND submissions, and is highly regarded for his ability to translate complex scientific concepts into actionable strategies. His professional contributions are complemented by his ongoing commitment to advancing translational medicine and improving patient outcomes through innovative imaging applications.

• Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions – Postdoctoral Fellowship, Cardiology
• Virginia Commonwealth University – Ph.D., Physiology
• Michigan State University – B.Sc., Physiology, General

• Ph.D. in Physiology

• Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI)
• Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's research and Treatment (ISTAART)

Patents

1.  Radiotracer compound mGluR2 NAM PET Tracer. Li Z, Krause S, SuzukiM, Sasaki T. WO 2016/033190 A1

Book Chapters

1.     Imaging in Research Using Nonhuman Primates in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research , 2^nd ed. (Elsevier , pub) C Winkelmann, S Krause, P McCracken, D Brammer, J Gelovani,. Abbe, Mansfield, Tardif and Morris eds. Academic Press,NY, 2012.

Publications

1.   d’Orchymont F, Narvaez A, Raymond R, Sachdev P, Charil A, Krause S, Vasdev N. In vitro evaluation of PET radiotracers for imaging synaptic density, the acetylcholine transporter, AMPA-tarp-γ8 and muscarinic M4 receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024;14(1):1-12

2.   Rafii MS, Sperling RA, Donohue MC, Zhou J, Roberts C, Irizarry MC, Dhadda S, Sethuraman G, Kramer LD, Swanson CJ, Li D, Krause S, Rissman RA, Walter S, Raman R, Johnson KA, Aisen PS. The AHEAD 3-45 study: Design of a prevention trial for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement 2022, 1-7, DOI:10.1002/alz.12748.

3.   Roberts C, Kaplow J, Krause S, and Kanekiyo M. Amyloid and APOE status of screened subjects in the elenbecestat Mission D phase 3 program. J Prev Alz Dis 8:1-6, 2021.

4.   Patel S, Knight A, Krause S, Teceno T, Tresse C, Li S, Cai Z, Gouasmat A, Carroll VM, Barret O, Gottmukkala V, Zhang W, Xiang X, Morley T, Huang Y, Passier J. Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo characterization of synaptic vesicle 2A-targeting compounds amenable to F-18labeling as potential PET radioligands for imaging of synapse integrity. Molec Imag 22:832-841, 2019.

5.   McCracken PJ and Krause SM. Imaging for decision-making in drug discovery and early development. Eur Pharm Rev 6:32-35, 2014.

6.   Williams DS, McCracken PJ, Purcell M, Pickarski M, Mathers PD, Savitz AT, Szumiloski J, Jayakar RY, Somayajula S, Krause S, Brown K, Winkelmann CT, Scott BB, Cook L, Motzel SL, Hargreaves R, Evelhoch JL, Cabal A, Dardzinsk BJi, Hangartner TN, Duong LT. Effect of odanacatib on bone turnover markers, bone density and geometry of the spine and hip of ovariectomized monkeys: A head-to-head comparison with alendronate. Bone 56:489-496, 2013.

7.   Hostetler ED, Sanabria-Bohorquez S, Eng W, Joshi AD, Patel S, Gibson RE, O’Malley S, Krause SM, Ryan C, Riffel K, Bi S, Okamoto O, Kawamoto H, Ozaki S, Ohta H, de Groot T, Bormans G, Egan M, Cho W, van Laere K, and Hargreaves RJ. Evaluation of [¹⁸F] MK-0911, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), in rhesus monkey and human. NeuroImage 68:1-10, 2013.

8.   McQuade P, Belanger MJ, Meng X, Guenther I, Krause S, Gonzalez-Trotter D, Reutelingsperger CPM, Hostetler E, Klimas M, Mehmet H and Cook J Comparison of the in vivo distribution of four different annexin A5 adducts in rhesus monkeys. Int J Molec Imaging 2011:405840, 2011. 

9.   Hostetler E, Eng W, Joshi A, Sanabria-Bohorquez S, Kawamoto H, Ito S, O”Malley S, Krause S, Ryan C, Patel S, Williams M, Riffel K, Suzuki G, Ozaki S, Ohta H, Cook J, Burns HD, Hargreaves R. Synthesis, characterization and monkey PET studies of [18F]MK-1312, a PET tracer for quantification of mGluR1 receptor occupancy by MK-5435. Synapse , Synapse 65:125–135, 2011.

10. Attac JR, Maubach KA, O’Conner D, Rodrigues AD, Evans DC, Tattersall FD, Chambers MS, MacLeod AM, Eng WS, Ryan C, Hostetler E, Sanabria S, Gibson RE, Krause SM, Burns HD, Hargreaves RJ, Agrawel NG, McKiernan RM, Murphy MG, Gingrich K, Dawson, GR, Musson DG, Petty KJ.   In vitro  and in vivo properties of 3-tert-butyl-7-(5methylisoxazol-3-yl)-2-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylmethoxy)-pyrazolo[1,5-d]-[1,2,4]triazine (MRK-016), a GABA A receptor alpha5 subtype-selective inverse agonist. JPharmacol Exp Ther 331(2):470-484, 2009.

11. Jiang J, Bunda JL, Doss GA, Chicchi GG, Kurtz MM, Tsao KLC, Tong X, Zheng S, Upthagrove A, Samuel K, TschirretGuth R, Kumar S, Wheeldon A, Carlson EJ, Hargreaves R, Burns D, Hamill T, Ryan C, Krause SM, Eng WS, DeVita RJ and Mills SG. Potent, Brain-Penetrant, Hydroisoindoline-Based Human Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists. J. Med. Chem :52 (9), 3039–3046, 2009.

12. Hamill TG, Sato N, Jitsuoka M, Tokita S, Sanabria S, Eng W, Ryan C, Krause SM, Patel S, Zeng Z, Williams D, Hargreaves R and Burns HD. Inverse Agonist Histamine H3 Receptor PET Tracers Labeled with Carbon-11 or Fluorine18. Synapse 63(12):1122-32, 2009.

13. Belanger MJ, Krause SM, Ryan C, Sanabria-Bohorquez S, Li W, Hamill TG, Burns HD. Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [¹⁸F] F-PEB in nonhuman primates. Nuc Med Comm 29:915-919, 2008.

14. Liu P, Lin LS, Hamill TG, Jewell JP, Lanza TJ, Gibson RE, Krause SM, Ryan C, Eng W. Sanabria S, Tong X, Wang J, Levorse DA, Owens KA, Fong TM, Shen CP, Lao J, Kumar SA, Yin W, Payack JF, Springfield SA, Hargreaves R, Durns HD, Goulet MT and Hagmann WK. Discovery of N-{(1S,2S)-2(3-cyanophenyl)-3-[4-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1methylpropyl}-2-methyl-2-[(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)oxy]propanamide, a cannabinoid-1 receptor positron emission tomography tracer suitable for clinical use. J Med Chem 50:3427-3430, 2007.

15. Burns HD, Van Laere K, Sanabria S, Hamill TG, Bormans G, Eng W, Gibson R, Ryan C, Connelly B, Patel S, Krause S,

Vanko A, Van Hecken A, Dupont P, De Lepeleire I, Rothenberg P, Stoch SA, Cote J, Hagmann WK, Jewell JP, Lin LS, Liu P, Goulet MT, Gottesdiener K, Wagner JA, de Hoon J, Mortelmans L, Fong TM and Hargreaves RJ. [¹⁸F]MK-9470, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for  in vivo human PET brain imaging of the cannabinoid-1 receptor. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104: 9800-9805, 2007.

16. Selivanov V, Krause S, Roca J, and Cascante M. Modeling of spatial metabolite distributions in the cardiac sarcomere. Biophysical J 92:3492-3500, 2007.

17. Hamill TG , Krause S, Ryan C, Bonnefous C, Govek S_, Seiders TJ, Cosford NDP, RoppeJ, Kamenecka T, Patel S, Gibson RJ, Sanabria S, Riffel K, Eng W, King C, Yang X, Green MD, O’Malley SS, Hargreaves R and Burns HD. The Synthesis, characterization and first successful monkey imaging studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) PET radiotracers. Synapse 56:205-216, 2005.

18. Krause, SM, Clayton, FC, Williams, DL. Myocardial protection with the dual endothelin antagonist L-753,037 following acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 43:214-221, 2004.

19. Patel, S, Krause, SM, Hamill, T, Chaudhary, A, Burns, DH, Gibson, RA.   in vitro  characterization of [3H]MethoxyPEPy, an mGluR5 selective radioligand. Life Sciences 73:371-379, 2003.

20. Shen Y-T, Buie PS, Lynch JJ, Guo Y-P, Ma X-L, Krause SM. Chronic therapy with an ET_A/B receptor antagonist in conscious dogs during the progression of congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 48:332-345, 2000.

21. Krause, SM. Editorial on “Heterogeneous transmural gene expression of calcium-handling proteins and natriuretic peptides in the failing human heart.” Cardiovasc Res 43:279-281, 1999.

22. Nishikibe M, Ohta H, Okada K, Ishikawa T, Hayama T, Fukurodam T, Saito M, Kanoh T, Ozaki S, Kamei H, Sawahara H, Williams DL, Kivlighn SD, Krause SM, Gabel R, Zingaro G, Nolan N, O’Brien J, Clayton FC, Lynch JJ, Pettibone DJ, Siegl PK. Pharmacological Properties of J-104132 (L-753,037), a Potent, Orally Active, Mixed ET_A/ET_B Endothelin Receptor Antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1262-1270, 1999.

23. Krause, SM, Nolan, NA, Clayton, FC, Walsh, TF, Williams DL. Characterization of Endothelin Receptors in the Anesthetized Ferret : A Novel Model for Investigating the Functional ET_B Receptor Subtypes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 34:359-367,1999.

24. Shen YT, Woltmann RF, Appleby SD, Volksdorf SR, Prahalada S, Krause SM, Kivlighn SD, Johnson RG, Siegl PKS, Lynch JJ. Lack of beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in conscious dogs during the development of heart failure. Am J Physiol.274:H456-H466, 1998.

25. Krause SM, Walsh TF, Greenlee WJ, Williams DL, Ranaei R, Kivlighn SD. Renal protection by a dual ET_A/ET_B endothelin antagonist L-754,142, following aortic cross-clamping in the dog. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1061-1071, 1997.

26. Williams DL, Murphy KL, Nolan NA, O’Brien JA, Lis EL, Pettibone DJ, Clineschmidt BV, Krause SM, Veber DM, Naylor EM, Chakravarty PK, Walsh TF, Dhanoa DM, Chen A, Bagley SW, Fitch KJ, Greenlee WJ. Pharmacology of L-744,543, a novel nonpeptidyl endothelin antagonist. Life Sciences 58 (14):1149-1157, 1996.

27. Williams DL, Murphy KL, Nolan NA, O’Brien JA, Pettibone DJ, Kivlighn SD, Krause SM, Lis EV, Zingaro GJ, Gabel RA, Clayton FC, Siegl PKS, Zhang K, Naue J, Vyas K, Walsh TF, Fitch KJ, Chakravarty PK, Greenlee WJ, Clineschmidt BV.

Pharmacology of L-754,142, a highly potent, orally active, non-peptidyl endothelin antagonist. J Pharm Exp Ther. 275:1518-1526,1995.

28. Krause SM. Increased intracellular magnesium contributes to impairment of post-ischemic cardiac function. Cardiovasc. Res. 29:438, 1995. 

29. Krause SM, Lynch JJ, Stabilito II, Woltmann RF. Intravenous administration of the endothelin antagonist BQ-123 does not ameliorate myocardial ischemic injury following acute coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Cardiovasc. Res. 28:16721678, 1994.

30. Krause SM and Jacobus WE. The specific enhancement of cardiac myofibrillar ATPase by bound creatine kinase. J Biol Chem 267:2480-2486, 1992.

31. Krause SM and Rozanski D. Effects of an increase in intracellular free [Mg2+] after myocardial stunning on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport. Circulation 84:1378-1383, 1991.

32. Krause SM. Effect of increased free [Mg2+] with myocardial stunning on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity. Am J Physiol 261:H229-H235, 1991.

33. Krause SM. Effect of global myocardial stunning on Ca2+-sensitive myofibrillar ATPase activity and creatine kinase kinetics. Am J Physiol 259:H813-H819, 1990.

34. Krause SM, Jacobus WE, Becker LC. Alterations in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport in the post ischemic, "stunned" myocardium. Circ Res 65:526-530, 1989.

35. Krause SM: Metabolism in the failing heart. Heart Failure 3:267-273, 1988.

36. Krause SM, Hess ML: The effect of short-term normothermic global ischemia and acidosis on cardiac myofibrillar Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase activity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 17:523-526, 1985.

37. Krause SM, Hess ML: Characterization of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum during short- term normothermic global ischemia. Circ Res 55:176-184, 1984.

38. Hess ML, Krause SM, Kontos HA: Mediation of sarcoplasmic reticulum disruption in the ischemic myocardium: Proposed mechanism by the interaction of hydrogen ions and oxygen free radicals. Adv Exp Med Biol 161:377-389, 1983.

39. Hess ML, Krause,SM. Contractile protein dysfunction as a determinant of depressed cardiac contractility during endotoxin shock. J. Mol Cell Cardiol 13:715-723, 1981.

40. Krause SM, Hess ML. Comparison of the   in vitro  and  in vivo effects of gram negative endotoxin on cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar function. Prog Clin Biol Res 62:23-32, 1981.

41. Hess ML, Krause SM, Komwatana P, Eaton R, Okabe E. Augmented venous return. A model of left ventricular afterload reduction during the course of endotoxin shock. Circ Shock 8:435-450, 1981.

42. Hess ML, Krause SM, Robbins AD, Greenfield LJ: Excitation-contraction coupling in the hypothermic ischemic myocardium. Am J Physiol 204:H336- H341, 1981.

43. Hess ML, Krause SM, Komwatana P. Myocardial failure and excitation contraction coupling: Role of histamine and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Circ Shock 7:277-289, 1980.

44. Hess ML, Krause SM, Greenfield LJ: Assessment of hypothermic, cardioplegic protection of the global ischemic myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 80:293-301, 1980.

45. Kleinman WM, Krause SM, Hess ML. Differential subendocardial perfusion and injury during the course of gram negative endotoxemia. Adv Shock Res 4:139-152, 1980

46. Krause SM, Kleinman WM, Hess ML. Cardiogenic endotoxin shock: Coronary flow and contractile protein dysfunction as determinants of depressed cardiac contractility. Adv Shock Res 3:105-116, 1980.

47. Hess ML, Krause SM. Subcellular function in the shocked myocardium. Tex Rep Biol Med 39:193-207, 1979.

48. Hess ML, Krause SM. Diphenhydramine protection of the failing myocardium during gram negative endotoxic shock. Circ Shock 6:75-87, 1979.

49. Hess ML, Komwatana P, Krause SM, Bruni FD. Augmented venous return: Protection of the ischemic myocardium during endotoxemia. Adv Shock Res 2:257-275,1979.

50. Hess ML, Barnhardt GR, Crute S, Komwatana P, Krause SM, Greenfield LJ: Mechanical and biochemical effects of transient myocardial ischemia. J Surg Res 26:175-184, 1979.